Advanced Statistics for Environment‐ Behavior Research: Multi-level Modeling and Structural Equation Modeling

This chapter serves as a conceptual introduction to two advanced statistical procedures that are becoming increasingly influential in environment‐behavior research: multi‐level modeling and structural equation modeling. The chapter is intended for researchers and graduate students who have a basic background in statistics but are not familiar with more advanced approaches to multivariate modeling. The chapter is organized into two parts. The first part focuses on multi‐level modeling, introducing basic principles and highlighting practical issues associated with designing studies and conducting analyses. The second part focuses on structural equation modeling and follows a similar format.