Prevalence of wheat/gluten-related disorders and gluten-free diet in paraguay: An online survey-based study

Noé Ontiveros; Raúl Emilio Real-Delor; José Antonio Mora-Melgem; Carlos Eduardo Beltrán-Cárdenas; Oscar Gerardo Figueroa-Salcido; Marcela de Jesús Vergara-Jiménez; Feliznando Isidro Cárdenas-Torres; Lilian Karem Flores-Mendoza; Jesús Gilberto Arámburo-Gálvez; Francisco Cabrera-Chávez

doi:10.3390/nu13020396

Prevalence of wheat/gluten-related disorders and gluten-free diet in paraguay: An online survey-based study

Noé Ontiveros, Raúl Emilio Real-Delor, José Antonio Mora-Melgem, Carlos Eduardo Beltrán-Cárdenas, Oscar Gerardo Figueroa-Salcido, Marcela de Jesús Vergara-Jiménez, Feliznando Isidro Cárdenas-Torres, Lilian Karem Flores-Mendoza, Jesús Gilberto Arámburo-Gálvez^*, Francisco Cabrera-Chávez

^*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

5 Scopus citations

Abstract

Gluten-related disorders (GRDs) are increasing around the world, but their magnitude and relevance remain unknown in most Latin American countries. Thus, an online survey was conducted to estimate the prevalence of GRDs as well as adherence to a gluten-free diet (GFD) in Paraguayan adult population. There were 1058 individuals surveyed using a validated questionnaire (response rate of 93.9%). The self-reported prevalence rates were as follows (95% CI): gluten sensitivity (GS), 10.30% (8.53–12.29); non-celiac GS (NCGS), 5.19% (3.94–6.71); physician-diagnosed ce-liac disease (PD-CD), 3.11% (2.15–4.35); wheat allergy (WA), 2.07% (1.30–3.13); and adherence to GFD, 15.69% (13.55–18.02). Excluding CD, more women than men met the criteria for GRDs, adverse food reactions, and GFD (p < 0.05). Eight respondents reported the coexistence of NCGS with PD-CD and/or WA. Most cases on a GFD indicated medical/dietitian advice for following the diet (68.07%). Non-self-reported GS individuals indicated weight control (46.4%) and the notion that the GFD is healthier (20.2%) as the main motivations for following the diet. GRDs are not uncommon in Paraguayan adult population. It seems that there is awareness about GRDs and the GFD, but training about the diagnosis of GRDs is desirable because of the informed overlapping diagnoses of CD or WA with NCGS. Future studies involving face-to-face interviews are necessary.

Original language	English
Article number	396
Pages (from-to)	1-12
Number of pages	12
Journal	Nutrients
Volume	13
Issue number	2
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13020396
State	Published - Feb 2021

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
Acknowledgments: The authors wish to thank the Mexican Council of Science and Technology (CONACyT) for the post-graduate fellowships given to O.G.F.-S and J.G.A.-G., as well as INAPI Sinaloa (Young Scientific Talents, 2019 program) for the financial support given to C.E.B.-C.

Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

Keywords

Celiac disease
Glu-ten-free diet
Gluten-related disorders
Non-celiac gluten sensitivity
Wheat allergy

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10.3390/nu13020396

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Ontiveros, N., Real-Delor, R. E., Mora-Melgem, J. A., Beltrán-Cárdenas, C. E., Figueroa-Salcido, O. G., Vergara-Jiménez, M. D. J., Cárdenas-Torres, F. I., Flores-Mendoza, L. K., Arámburo-Gálvez, J. G., & Cabrera-Chávez, F. (2021). Prevalence of wheat/gluten-related disorders and gluten-free diet in paraguay: An online survey-based study. Nutrients, 13(2), 1-12. [396]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13020396

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title = "Prevalence of wheat/gluten-related disorders and gluten-free diet in paraguay: An online survey-based study",

abstract = "Gluten-related disorders (GRDs) are increasing around the world, but their magnitude and relevance remain unknown in most Latin American countries. Thus, an online survey was conducted to estimate the prevalence of GRDs as well as adherence to a gluten-free diet (GFD) in Paraguayan adult population. There were 1058 individuals surveyed using a validated questionnaire (response rate of 93.9%). The self-reported prevalence rates were as follows (95% CI): gluten sensitivity (GS), 10.30% (8.53–12.29); non-celiac GS (NCGS), 5.19% (3.94–6.71); physician-diagnosed ce-liac disease (PD-CD), 3.11% (2.15–4.35); wheat allergy (WA), 2.07% (1.30–3.13); and adherence to GFD, 15.69% (13.55–18.02). Excluding CD, more women than men met the criteria for GRDs, adverse food reactions, and GFD (p < 0.05). Eight respondents reported the coexistence of NCGS with PD-CD and/or WA. Most cases on a GFD indicated medical/dietitian advice for following the diet (68.07%). Non-self-reported GS individuals indicated weight control (46.4%) and the notion that the GFD is healthier (20.2%) as the main motivations for following the diet. GRDs are not uncommon in Paraguayan adult population. It seems that there is awareness about GRDs and the GFD, but training about the diagnosis of GRDs is desirable because of the informed overlapping diagnoses of CD or WA with NCGS. Future studies involving face-to-face interviews are necessary.",

keywords = "Celiac disease, Glu-ten-free diet, Gluten-related disorders, Non-celiac gluten sensitivity, Wheat allergy",

author = "No{\'e} Ontiveros and Real-Delor, {Ra{\'u}l Emilio} and Mora-Melgem, {Jos{\'e} Antonio} and Beltr{\'a}n-C{\'a}rdenas, {Carlos Eduardo} and Figueroa-Salcido, {Oscar Gerardo} and Vergara-Jim{\'e}nez, {Marcela de Jes{\'u}s} and C{\'a}rdenas-Torres, {Feliznando Isidro} and Flores-Mendoza, {Lilian Karem} and Ar{\'a}mburo-G{\'a}lvez, {Jes{\'u}s Gilberto} and Francisco Cabrera-Ch{\'a}vez",

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year = "2021",

month = feb,

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Ontiveros, N, Real-Delor, RE, Mora-Melgem, JA, Beltrán-Cárdenas, CE, Figueroa-Salcido, OG, Vergara-Jiménez, MDJ, Cárdenas-Torres, FI, Flores-Mendoza, LK, Arámburo-Gálvez, JG & Cabrera-Chávez, F 2021, 'Prevalence of wheat/gluten-related disorders and gluten-free diet in paraguay: An online survey-based study', Nutrients, vol. 13, no. 2, 396, pp. 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13020396

TY - JOUR

T1 - Prevalence of wheat/gluten-related disorders and gluten-free diet in paraguay

T2 - An online survey-based study

AU - Ontiveros, Noé

AU - Real-Delor, Raúl Emilio

AU - Mora-Melgem, José Antonio

AU - Beltrán-Cárdenas, Carlos Eduardo

AU - Figueroa-Salcido, Oscar Gerardo

AU - Vergara-Jiménez, Marcela de Jesús

AU - Cárdenas-Torres, Feliznando Isidro

AU - Flores-Mendoza, Lilian Karem

AU - Arámburo-Gálvez, Jesús Gilberto

AU - Cabrera-Chávez, Francisco

PY - 2021/2

Y1 - 2021/2

N2 - Gluten-related disorders (GRDs) are increasing around the world, but their magnitude and relevance remain unknown in most Latin American countries. Thus, an online survey was conducted to estimate the prevalence of GRDs as well as adherence to a gluten-free diet (GFD) in Paraguayan adult population. There were 1058 individuals surveyed using a validated questionnaire (response rate of 93.9%). The self-reported prevalence rates were as follows (95% CI): gluten sensitivity (GS), 10.30% (8.53–12.29); non-celiac GS (NCGS), 5.19% (3.94–6.71); physician-diagnosed ce-liac disease (PD-CD), 3.11% (2.15–4.35); wheat allergy (WA), 2.07% (1.30–3.13); and adherence to GFD, 15.69% (13.55–18.02). Excluding CD, more women than men met the criteria for GRDs, adverse food reactions, and GFD (p < 0.05). Eight respondents reported the coexistence of NCGS with PD-CD and/or WA. Most cases on a GFD indicated medical/dietitian advice for following the diet (68.07%). Non-self-reported GS individuals indicated weight control (46.4%) and the notion that the GFD is healthier (20.2%) as the main motivations for following the diet. GRDs are not uncommon in Paraguayan adult population. It seems that there is awareness about GRDs and the GFD, but training about the diagnosis of GRDs is desirable because of the informed overlapping diagnoses of CD or WA with NCGS. Future studies involving face-to-face interviews are necessary.

AB - Gluten-related disorders (GRDs) are increasing around the world, but their magnitude and relevance remain unknown in most Latin American countries. Thus, an online survey was conducted to estimate the prevalence of GRDs as well as adherence to a gluten-free diet (GFD) in Paraguayan adult population. There were 1058 individuals surveyed using a validated questionnaire (response rate of 93.9%). The self-reported prevalence rates were as follows (95% CI): gluten sensitivity (GS), 10.30% (8.53–12.29); non-celiac GS (NCGS), 5.19% (3.94–6.71); physician-diagnosed ce-liac disease (PD-CD), 3.11% (2.15–4.35); wheat allergy (WA), 2.07% (1.30–3.13); and adherence to GFD, 15.69% (13.55–18.02). Excluding CD, more women than men met the criteria for GRDs, adverse food reactions, and GFD (p < 0.05). Eight respondents reported the coexistence of NCGS with PD-CD and/or WA. Most cases on a GFD indicated medical/dietitian advice for following the diet (68.07%). Non-self-reported GS individuals indicated weight control (46.4%) and the notion that the GFD is healthier (20.2%) as the main motivations for following the diet. GRDs are not uncommon in Paraguayan adult population. It seems that there is awareness about GRDs and the GFD, but training about the diagnosis of GRDs is desirable because of the informed overlapping diagnoses of CD or WA with NCGS. Future studies involving face-to-face interviews are necessary.

KW - Celiac disease

KW - Glu-ten-free diet

KW - Gluten-related disorders

KW - Non-celiac gluten sensitivity

KW - Wheat allergy

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DO - 10.3390/nu13020396

M3 - Artículo

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AN - SCOPUS:85099825686

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JO - Nutrients

JF - Nutrients

SN - 2072-6643

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ER -

Prevalence of wheat/gluten-related disorders and gluten-free diet in paraguay: An online survey-based study

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Keywords

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