TY - JOUR
T1 - Release of nanoparticles in the environment and catalytic converters ageing
AU - Navarro-Espinoza, Sofía
AU - Meza-Figueroa, Diana
AU - Guzmán, Roberto
AU - Duarte-Moller, Alberto
AU - Esparza-Ponce, Hilda
AU - Paz-Moreno, Francisco
AU - González-Grijalva, Belem
AU - Álvarez-Bajo, Osiris
AU - Schiavo, Benedetto
AU - Soto-Puebla, Diego
AU - Pedroza-Montero, Martín
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
PY - 2021/12
Y1 - 2021/12
N2 - A Three-Way Catalyst (TWC) contains a cordierite ceramic monolith coated with a layer of Al2 O3, Cex Zr1−x O2 and platinoids mixture. Under standard operation, the platinoid concentration decreases, exposing the remaining washcoat structure. After that particle release stage, the sintering process follows where the crystalline Cex Zr1−x O2 solution is broken and begins to separate into ZrO2 and CeO2 phases. ZrO2 is released to the environment as micro and nanoparticles, while a small amount of CeO2 generates a new Alx Ce1−x O2 composite. The main effect of Ce capture is the growth in the size of the polycrystal structure from 86.13 ± 16.58 nm to 225.35 ± 69.51 nm. Moreover, a transformation of cordierite to mullite was identified by XRD analysis. Raman spectra showed that the oxygen vacancies (Vö) concentration decreased as Cex Zr1−x O2 phases separation occurred. The SEM-EDS revealed the incorporation of new spurious elements and microfractures favouring the detachment of the TWC support structure. The release of ultrafine particles is a consequence of catalytic devices overusing. The emission of refractory micro to nanocrystals to the atmosphere may represent an emerging public health issue underlining the importance of implementing strict worldwide regulations on regular TWCs replacement.
AB - A Three-Way Catalyst (TWC) contains a cordierite ceramic monolith coated with a layer of Al2 O3, Cex Zr1−x O2 and platinoids mixture. Under standard operation, the platinoid concentration decreases, exposing the remaining washcoat structure. After that particle release stage, the sintering process follows where the crystalline Cex Zr1−x O2 solution is broken and begins to separate into ZrO2 and CeO2 phases. ZrO2 is released to the environment as micro and nanoparticles, while a small amount of CeO2 generates a new Alx Ce1−x O2 composite. The main effect of Ce capture is the growth in the size of the polycrystal structure from 86.13 ± 16.58 nm to 225.35 ± 69.51 nm. Moreover, a transformation of cordierite to mullite was identified by XRD analysis. Raman spectra showed that the oxygen vacancies (Vö) concentration decreased as Cex Zr1−x O2 phases separation occurred. The SEM-EDS revealed the incorporation of new spurious elements and microfractures favouring the detachment of the TWC support structure. The release of ultrafine particles is a consequence of catalytic devices overusing. The emission of refractory micro to nanocrystals to the atmosphere may represent an emerging public health issue underlining the importance of implementing strict worldwide regulations on regular TWCs replacement.
KW - Non-exhaust emissions
KW - Refractory nanoparticles
KW - Sintering nanoparticles
KW - Vehicle catalyst
KW - Washcoat loss
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85121115004&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3390/nano11123406
DO - 10.3390/nano11123406
M3 - Artículo
C2 - 34947754
AN - SCOPUS:85121115004
SN - 2079-4991
VL - 11
JO - Nanomaterials
JF - Nanomaterials
IS - 12
M1 - 3406
ER -