Release of nanoparticles in the environment and catalytic converters ageing

Sofía Navarro-Espinoza; Diana Meza-Figueroa; Roberto Guzmán; Alberto Duarte-Moller; Hilda Esparza-Ponce; Francisco Paz-Moreno; Belem González-Grijalva; Osiris Álvarez-Bajo; Benedetto Schiavo; Diego Soto-Puebla; Martín Pedroza-Montero

doi:10.3390/nano11123406

Release of nanoparticles in the environment and catalytic converters ageing

Sofía Navarro-Espinoza, Diana Meza-Figueroa^*, Roberto Guzmán, Alberto Duarte-Moller, Hilda Esparza-Ponce, Francisco Paz-Moreno, Belem González-Grijalva, Osiris Álvarez-Bajo, Benedetto Schiavo, Diego Soto-Puebla, Martín Pedroza-Montero^*

^*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

4 Scopus citations

Abstract

A Three-Way Catalyst (TWC) contains a cordierite ceramic monolith coated with a layer of Al₂ O₃, Ce_x Zr_1−x O₂ and platinoids mixture. Under standard operation, the platinoid concentration decreases, exposing the remaining washcoat structure. After that particle release stage, the sintering process follows where the crystalline Ce_x Zr_1−x O₂ solution is broken and begins to separate into ZrO₂ and CeO₂ phases. ZrO₂ is released to the environment as micro and nanoparticles, while a small amount of CeO₂ generates a new Al_x Ce_1−x O₂ composite. The main effect of Ce capture is the growth in the size of the polycrystal structure from 86.13 ± 16.58 nm to 225.35 ± 69.51 nm. Moreover, a transformation of cordierite to mullite was identified by XRD analysis. Raman spectra showed that the oxygen vacancies (Vö) concentration decreased as Ce_x Zr_1−x O₂ phases separation occurred_. The SEM-EDS revealed the incorporation of new spurious elements and microfractures favouring the detachment of the TWC support structure. The release of ultrafine particles is a consequence of catalytic devices overusing. The emission of refractory micro to nanocrystals to the atmosphere may represent an emerging public health issue underlining the importance of implementing strict worldwide regulations on regular TWCs replacement.

Original language	English
Article number	3406
Journal	Nanomaterials
Volume	11
Issue number	12
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11123406
State	Published - Dec 2021

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
Funding: This work was funded by National Council for Science and Technology in Mexico (CONA-CyT) Grant A1-S-29697. Results of this paper are part of a PhD dissertation by S. Navarro-Espinoza with D. Meza-Figueroa and M. Pedroza-Montero as advisors. Benedetto Schiavo was funded by a post-doctoral (supervised by Prof. Meza-Figueroa) and Sofía Navarro-Espinoza by a doctoral scholarship from CONACyT.

Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

Keywords

Non-exhaust emissions
Refractory nanoparticles
Sintering nanoparticles
Vehicle catalyst
Washcoat loss

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10.3390/nano11123406

Cite this

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title = "Release of nanoparticles in the environment and catalytic converters ageing",

abstract = "A Three-Way Catalyst (TWC) contains a cordierite ceramic monolith coated with a layer of Al2 O3, Cex Zr1−x O2 and platinoids mixture. Under standard operation, the platinoid concentration decreases, exposing the remaining washcoat structure. After that particle release stage, the sintering process follows where the crystalline Cex Zr1−x O2 solution is broken and begins to separate into ZrO2 and CeO2 phases. ZrO2 is released to the environment as micro and nanoparticles, while a small amount of CeO2 generates a new Alx Ce1−x O2 composite. The main effect of Ce capture is the growth in the size of the polycrystal structure from 86.13 ± 16.58 nm to 225.35 ± 69.51 nm. Moreover, a transformation of cordierite to mullite was identified by XRD analysis. Raman spectra showed that the oxygen vacancies (V{\"o}) concentration decreased as Cex Zr1−x O2 phases separation occurred. The SEM-EDS revealed the incorporation of new spurious elements and microfractures favouring the detachment of the TWC support structure. The release of ultrafine particles is a consequence of catalytic devices overusing. The emission of refractory micro to nanocrystals to the atmosphere may represent an emerging public health issue underlining the importance of implementing strict worldwide regulations on regular TWCs replacement.",

keywords = "Non-exhaust emissions, Refractory nanoparticles, Sintering nanoparticles, Vehicle catalyst, Washcoat loss",

author = "Sof{\'i}a Navarro-Espinoza and Diana Meza-Figueroa and Roberto Guzm{\'a}n and Alberto Duarte-Moller and Hilda Esparza-Ponce and Francisco Paz-Moreno and Belem Gonz{\'a}lez-Grijalva and Osiris {\'A}lvarez-Bajo and Benedetto Schiavo and Diego Soto-Puebla and Mart{\'i}n Pedroza-Montero",

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doi = "10.3390/nano11123406",

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AU - Navarro-Espinoza, Sofía

AU - Meza-Figueroa, Diana

AU - Guzmán, Roberto

AU - Duarte-Moller, Alberto

AU - Esparza-Ponce, Hilda

AU - Paz-Moreno, Francisco

AU - González-Grijalva, Belem

AU - Álvarez-Bajo, Osiris

AU - Schiavo, Benedetto

AU - Soto-Puebla, Diego

AU - Pedroza-Montero, Martín

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AB - A Three-Way Catalyst (TWC) contains a cordierite ceramic monolith coated with a layer of Al2 O3, Cex Zr1−x O2 and platinoids mixture. Under standard operation, the platinoid concentration decreases, exposing the remaining washcoat structure. After that particle release stage, the sintering process follows where the crystalline Cex Zr1−x O2 solution is broken and begins to separate into ZrO2 and CeO2 phases. ZrO2 is released to the environment as micro and nanoparticles, while a small amount of CeO2 generates a new Alx Ce1−x O2 composite. The main effect of Ce capture is the growth in the size of the polycrystal structure from 86.13 ± 16.58 nm to 225.35 ± 69.51 nm. Moreover, a transformation of cordierite to mullite was identified by XRD analysis. Raman spectra showed that the oxygen vacancies (Vö) concentration decreased as Cex Zr1−x O2 phases separation occurred. The SEM-EDS revealed the incorporation of new spurious elements and microfractures favouring the detachment of the TWC support structure. The release of ultrafine particles is a consequence of catalytic devices overusing. The emission of refractory micro to nanocrystals to the atmosphere may represent an emerging public health issue underlining the importance of implementing strict worldwide regulations on regular TWCs replacement.

KW - Non-exhaust emissions

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Release of nanoparticles in the environment and catalytic converters ageing

Abstract

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Keywords

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