Middle-late Miocene rift-related magmatism in Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico at the eastern margin of the Gulf of California: Petrogenetic implications associated to the Pacific-north American plate boundary

Miocene volcanism in the Guaymas region at the eastern margin of the Gulf of California, in coastal Sonora, NW Mexico, was dominated by arc magmatism. However, the presence of rift-related magmatism is also exposed. Rocks associated with subduction of the Farallon plate beneath North America plate are of Oligocene-Miocene ages, while the magmatic rocks with ages between ca. 12.5 to ca. 6 Ma occur in a post-subduction tectonic setting. This period is sometimes referred to as the proto-Gulf phase. The proto-Gulf magmatic rocks are exposed as part of a volcanic igneous plumbing system, herein named Guaymas Group. The Guaymas Group has an age range between ∼12 and 10 Ma and is defined by two magmatic events: an intermediate compositional pulse (Unit 1) and a felsic pulse (Unit 2). The lithological units from the Guaymas Group have similar geochemical features, exhibiting LILE and LREE enrichment and Nb, Ta and Ti depletion. These rocks show a transitional to tholeiitic composition affinity that differs from the arc magmatism from coastal Sonora. The geochemical data suggest that assimilation and fractional crystallization (AFC) processes played an important role in the geochemical variations observed in volcanic and subvolcanic rocks. The geochemical characteristics of the Guaymas Group rocks also could indicate an origin by decompression melting of a mantle source metasomatized by subduction processes. Finally, considering the geological, geochronological and geochemical study, we suggest that the emplacement of the Guaymas Group rocks is contemporaneous with the oblique rifting environment associated with an incipient Pacific-North American plate boundary.